Hallucinogenic mushroom

Hallucinogenic mushrooms are mushrooms that have hallucinogenic effects in humans.^[1] Such mushrooms include:^[1]^[2]

Psilocybin mushrooms (also known as "magic mushrooms" or "psychedelic mushrooms") (e.g., Psilocybe mushrooms)^[3]
Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms (e.g., Amanita muscaria mushrooms)^[4]^[5]
Hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms (e.g., "xiao ren ren" mushrooms)^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Guzmán G (2015). "New Studies on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: History, Diversity, and Applications in Psychiatry". Int J Med Mushrooms. 17 (11): 1019–1029. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i11.10. PMID 26853956. Concerning the bolets and russules (Figs. 4 and 5), these mushrooms were used in Papua New Guinea some time ago, in some shamanic practices.12,13 They produced some stages of madness in the people12–14; however, we have but little and confusing information on them, even though the first works began in 1947.14 We also have information on some edible bolets from China,15,16 where some bolets are sold in the markets, but with the advice from the sellers, that it is necessary to cook the mushrooms well. In some reports, the raw mushrooms produced visions of some little men or soldiers marching on the table.16 [...] Some bolets and russules were used in Papua New Guinea,4,12–14 and certainly edible bolets producing hallucinations were used in China if they were not well cooked.15,16 [...] Of these works, that by Dikov described some anthropoid petroglyphs in Siberia, which seem to be representations of the use of A. muscaria by the Siberians. However, Guzmán studied copies of those petroglyphs shown by Samorini33 and observed some isolated fungoid figures that are similar to some bolets. If this is true, we have an interesting connection with those bolets used in Papua New Guinea and China,15,16 which needs more study.
^ Plazas E, Faraone N (February 2023). "Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents". Biomedicines. 11 (2): 461. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020461. PMC 9953455. PMID 36830997.
^ Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AM (December 2023). "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond". Biotechnol Adv. 69: 108247. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247. PMID 37659744.
^ Michelot D, Melendez-Howell LM (February 2003). "Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology". Mycol Res. 107 (Pt 2): 131–146. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305. PMID 12747324.
^ Li C, Oberlies NH (December 2005). "The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus Amanita". Life Sci. 78 (5): 532–538. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003. PMID 16203016.
^ Yu, Fuqiang; Guerin-Laguette, Alexis; Wang, Yun (2020). "Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China". Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 163–204. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-37377-1. Some boletes known as "jian-shou-qing" (turning blue when bruised or cut) are considered hallucinogenic, causing visions that Yunnan's people call "xiao-ren-ren" (little men or little people, similar to the "Lilliputian hallucinations" found in the Kuma people from New Guinea) (Arora 2008). Among these boletes are Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Lanmaoa asiatica, and Sutorius magnificus, all commonly collected in Yunnan and even more popular than porcini (Fig. 6.10) (Wang et al. 2004). Though some of these species can cause gastrointestinal distress, the local people continue to consume them (Arora 2008).
^ Arora, David (2008). "Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The "Little People" of Yunnan" (PDF). Economic Botany. 62 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 540–544. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 40390492. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
^ Stijve T (1997). "Hallucinogenic bolets in China?". Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds. 7: 33.

This page is an index of articles on fungus species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.

[Guzmán2015-1] Guzmán G (2015). "New Studies on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: History, Diversity, and Applications in Psychiatry". Int J Med Mushrooms. 17 (11): 1019–1029. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i11.10. PMID 26853956. Concerning the bolets and russules (Figs. 4 and 5), these mushrooms were used in Papua New Guinea some time ago, in some shamanic practices.12,13 They produced some stages of madness in the people12–14; however, we have but little and confusing information on them, even though the first works began in 1947.14 We also have information on some edible bolets from China,15,16 where some bolets are sold in the markets, but with the advice from the sellers, that it is necessary to cook the mushrooms well. In some reports, the raw mushrooms produced visions of some little men or soldiers marching on the table.16 [...] Some bolets and russules were used in Papua New Guinea,4,12–14 and certainly edible bolets producing hallucinations were used in China if they were not well cooked.15,16 [...] Of these works, that by Dikov described some anthropoid petroglyphs in Siberia, which seem to be representations of the use of A. muscaria by the Siberians. However, Guzmán studied copies of those petroglyphs shown by Samorini33 and observed some isolated fungoid figures that are similar to some bolets. If this is true, we have an interesting connection with those bolets used in Papua New Guinea and China,15,16 which needs more study.

[PlazasFaraone2023-2] Plazas E, Faraone N (February 2023). "Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents". Biomedicines. 11 (2): 461. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020461. PMC 9953455. PMID 36830997.

[PepeHesamidelaCerda2023-3] Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AM (December 2023). "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond". Biotechnol Adv. 69: 108247. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247. PMID 37659744.

[MichelotMelendez-Howell2003-4] Michelot D, Melendez-Howell LM (February 2003). "Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology". Mycol Res. 107 (Pt 2): 131–146. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305. PMID 12747324.

[LiOberlies2005-5] Li C, Oberlies NH (December 2005). "The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus Amanita". Life Sci. 78 (5): 532–538. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003. PMID 16203016.

[YuGuerin-LaguetteWang2020-6] Yu, Fuqiang; Guerin-Laguette, Alexis; Wang, Yun (2020). "Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China". Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 163–204. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-37377-1. Some boletes known as "jian-shou-qing" (turning blue when bruised or cut) are considered hallucinogenic, causing visions that Yunnan's people call "xiao-ren-ren" (little men or little people, similar to the "Lilliputian hallucinations" found in the Kuma people from New Guinea) (Arora 2008). Among these boletes are Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Lanmaoa asiatica, and Sutorius magnificus, all commonly collected in Yunnan and even more popular than porcini (Fig. 6.10) (Wang et al. 2004). Though some of these species can cause gastrointestinal distress, the local people continue to consume them (Arora 2008).

[Arora2008-7] Arora, David (2008). "Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The "Little People" of Yunnan" (PDF). Economic Botany. 62 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 540–544. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 40390492. Retrieved 18 February 2025.

[Stijve1997-8] Stijve T (1997). "Hallucinogenic bolets in China?". Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds. 7: 33.

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See also

References